Is it possible to extract a single file or diff of a file from a git stash without popping the stash changeset off?
On the git stash manpage you can read (in the "Discussion" section, just after "Options" description) that:
A stash is represented as a commit whose tree records the state of the working directory, and its first parent is the commit at HEAD when the stash was created.
So you can treat stash (e.g. stash@{0} is first / topmost stash) as a merge commit, and use:
$ git diff stash@{0}^1 stash@{0} -- <filename>
Explanation: stash@{0}^1 means the first parent of the given stash, which as stated in the explanation above is the commit at which changes were stashed away. We use this form of "git diff" (with two commits) because stash@{0} / refs/stash is a merge commit, and we have to tell git which parent we want to diff against. More cryptic:
$ git diff stash@{0}^! -- <filename>
should also work (see git rev-parse manpage for explanation of rev^! syntax, in "Specifying ranges" section).
Likewise, to answer your question, you can use git checkout to check a single file out of the stash (note that this will not merge the stash like git stash apply does—that means any changes made to the file will be overwritten):
$ git checkout stash@{0} -- <filename>
or to save it under another filename:
$ git show stash@{0}:<full filename> > <newfile>
or
$ git show stash@{0}:./<relative filename> > <newfile>
(note that here <full filename> is full pathname of a file relative to top directory of a project (think: relative to stash@{0})).
You might need to protect stash@{0} from shell expansion, i.e. use "stash@{0}" or 'stash@{0}'.