We're encountering "silent" aborts when Windows Workflows (hosted in IIS) are persisted using SqlWorkflowInstanceStore.
According to http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2022538 :
If the service is self-hosted or web-hosted, this issue creates a diagnostic trace. Additionally, exception errors and warnings are generated in the Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) trace log.
That article resolved our first issue (attempting to promote a Boolean property), but now we're encountering a new issue with identical symptoms. In order to diagnose it, we need to view these trace logs.
In every case, I am not seeing these logs in Event Viewer. It's very possible I'm not looking in the right place, or that I have to enable something first.
The ETW Tracking Provider writes its logs to the Analytics log under Application Server-Applications.
You can add standard .NET tracing using a trace source with name "System.Activities". See here for an example config.
Now quite sure I understand the third question as viewing the logs is independent of the hosting application choosen.