Why is the default size of PermGen so small?

What would be the purpose of limiting the size of the Permgen space on a Java JVM? Why not always set it equal to the max heap size? Why does Java default to such a small number of 64MB? Are they trying to force people to notice permgen issues in their code by doing this?

If my app uses 85MB of permgen, then it might be safe to set it to 96MB but why set it so small if its just really part of the main heap? Wouldn't it be efficient to allow the JVM to use as much PermGen as the heap allows?

Conceptually to the programmer, you could argue that a "Permanent Generation" is largely pointless. If you need to load a class or other "permanent" data and there is memory space left, then in principle you may as well just load it somewhere and not care about calling the aggregate of these items a "generation" at all.

However, the rationale is probably more that:

• there is potentially a benefit (e.g. from a processor cache point of view) from having all code/class metadata near together in memory space, and to guarantee this it is easier to allocate fixed sized area(s);
• similarly, memory space where code/class metadata is stored potentially has certain "special" properties (notably, you don't want it to get paged out to disk if you can help it) and the system may not be able to set such properties on memory in a very granular way, so that it is more practical to have all "special" objects together in one (or a small number of) contiguous block or memory space;
• having permanent objects all together helps avoid fragmenting the remaining memory space and again, the most practical way to do this is to allocate one contiguous block of memory of fixed size from the outset.

So as I see things, most of the time the reason for allocating a permanent "generation" is really for practical implementation reasons than because the programmer really cares terribly much.

On the other hand, the situation isn't usually terrible for the programmer either: the amount of permanent generation needed is usually predictable, so that you should be able to allocate the required amount with decent leeway. So if you find you are unexpectedly exceeding the allocation, this may well be a signal that "something serious is wrong".

N.B. It is probably the case that some of the issues that the PermGen originally was designed to solve are not such big issues on modern 64-bit processors with larger processor caches. If it is removed in future releases of Java, this is likely a sign that the JVM designers feel it has now "served its purpose".