I recall a claim made by one of my professors in an introductory C course. He stated that the #define preprocessor command enables a programmer to create a constant for use in later code, and that the command was a part of the C language.
/* Is this truly C code? */
#define FOO 42
Since this was in an introductory programming class, I suspect that he was merely simplifying the relationship between the source file and the compiler, but nevertheless I wish to verify my understanding.
Are preprocessor statements completely independent from the C language (dependent on the specific compiler used) or are they explicitly described in the C99 standard? Out of curiosity, did K&R ever mention preprocessor macros?
Yes, the standard describes the preprocessor. It's a standardized part of the C language.
Note that #include, which is essential for modularization of code, is a preprocessor directive.
In the publically-available draft of the C99 standard, the preprocessor is described in section 6.10.