Given the following stored procedure definition
create procedure myproc
as
select *
from sometablethatdoesnotexist
select somecolumnthatdoesnotexist
from sometablethatdoesexist
Is it possible to configure sql-server (or localdb) to fail the creation of the stored procedure if at the time the stored procedure is created these objects do not exist? (either column or table)
No.
This is SQL Server's deferred name resolution.
There is no way of turning it off. It will fail if you reference a non existent column on an existing table though.