[SOLVED] How to use double or single brackets, parentheses, curly braces

How to use double or single brackets, parentheses, curly braces

I am confused by the usage of brackets, parentheses, curly braces in Bash, as well as the difference between their double or single forms. Is there a clear explanation?

Solution

In Bash, test and [ are shell builtins.

The double bracket [[, which is a shell keyword, enables additional functionality. For example, you can use && and || instead of -a and -o and there's a regular expression matching operator =~.

Also, in a simple test, double square brackets seem to evaluate quite a lot quicker than single ones.

$ time for ((i=0; i<10000000; i++)); do [[ "$i" = 1000 ]]; done

real    0m24.548s
user    0m24.337s
sys 0m0.036s
$ time for ((i=0; i<10000000; i++)); do [ "$i" = 1000 ]; done

real    0m33.478s
user    0m33.478s
sys 0m0.000s

The braces, in addition to delimiting a variable name are used for parameter expansion so you can do things like:

Truncate the contents of a variable
```
  $ var="abcde"; echo ${var%d*}
  abc
```

Make substitutions similar to sed

  $ var="abcde"; echo ${var/de/12}
  abc12

Use a default value

  $ default="hello"; unset var; echo ${var:-$default}
  hello

and several more

Also, brace expansions create lists of strings which are typically iterated over in loops:

$ echo f{oo,ee,a}d
food feed fad

$ mv error.log{,.OLD}
(error.log is renamed to error.log.OLD because the brace expression
expands to "mv error.log error.log.OLD")

$ for num in {000..2}; do echo "$num"; done
000
001
002

$ echo {00..8..2}
00 02 04 06 08

$ echo {D..T..4}
D H L P T

Note that the leading zero and increment features weren't available before Bash 4.

Thanks to gboffi for reminding me about brace expansions.

Double parentheses are used for arithmetic operations:

((a++))

((meaning = 42))

for ((i=0; i<10; i++))

echo $((a + b + (14 * c)))

and they enable you to omit the dollar signs on integer and array variables and include spaces around operators for readability.

Bare double parentheses ((...)) return 0 (true) if the value of the enclosed expression is non-zero, 1 (false) otherwise, so:

$ ((2 + 3 - 5)) || echo "last command returned 1"
last command returned 1
$ ((2 + 3 - 7)) && echo "last command returned 0"
last command returned 0

Single brackets are also used for array indices:

array[4]="hello"

element=${array[index]}

Curly brace are required for (most/all?) array references on the right hand side.

ephemient's comment reminded me that parentheses are also used for subshells. And that they are used to create arrays.

array=(1 2 3)
echo ${array[1]}
2