I've already tried these methods:
Each returns APPDEV, which I assume is the name of the server hosting my web page.
I've even asked friends to try my page with these methods and they see the same thing.
How can I get it to return the PC name entered at initial setup, like Joseph-PC?
Since the browser won't tell the computer name to the server, a web page is (thankfully) not able to know your computer's name.