I know it's possible to debug mobile Safari through this method. It requires you to have Safari installed on your computer. Mobile Safari is emulated on your desktop Safari to give you standard web dev features.
Safari was discontinued on Windows a few years ago. Is this possible on a non-Mac machine?
Yes. You can use ios-webkit-debug-proxy and Chrome. It is slower than OS-X and Safari, but tolerable and you may have some issues when Chrome's developer tools don't quite match Safari, but it's much better than nothing.
I have not been able to get the 'chrome-devtools' URL working, so I just go to localhost:9222/ in Chrome after connecting my phone and starting the ios-webkit-debug-proxy.
I've had issues with ios-webkit-debug-proxy crashing or hanging - I have found it more reliable to restart it for each debugging session.