The Python documentation for operator precedence states:
Operators in the same box group left to right (except for comparisons, including tests, which all have the same precedence and chain from left to right — see section Comparisons...)
What does this mean? Specifically:
"Operators in the same box group left to right (except for comparisons...)" -- do comparisons not group left to right?
If comparisons do not group left to right, what do they do instead? Do they "chain" as opposed to "group"?
If comparisons "chain" rather than "group", what is the difference between "chaining" and "grouping"?
What would be some examples to demonstrate that the comparison operators chain from left to right rather than from right to left?
Grouping (this is what non-comparison operators do):
a + b + c means (a + b) + c
Chaining (this is what comparison operators do):
a < b < c means (a < b) and (b < c)
Grouping left to right (this is the way things are grouped):
5 - 2 - 1 means (5 - 2) - 1 == 2
as opposed to grouping right to left (this would produce a different result):
5 - (2 - 1) == 4
Chaining left to right
Chaining is left to right, so in a < b < c, the expression a < b is evaluated before b < c, and if a < b is falsey, b < c is not evaluated.
(2 < 1 < f()) gives the value False without calling the function f, because 2 < 1 evaluates to false, so the second comparison does not need to be performed.
f() > 1 > g() calls f() in order to evaluate the first comparison, and depending on the result, it might or might not need to evaluate the second condition, which requires calling g().
NB. Each operand is evaluated at most once. So in the expression 1 < f() < 2, the function f() is only called once, and the value it gives is used in both comparisons (if necessary).