I have always assumed that this is not the case, however, an FAQ for a tutorial I have read recently implies that it is:
Why the multiboot header? Wouldn't a pure ELF file be loadable by GRUB anyway?
GRUB is capable of loading a variety of formats. However, in this tutorial we are creating a Multiboot compliant kernel that could be loaded by any other compliant bootloader. To achieve this, the multiboot header is mandatory.
I tried to Google it immediately, without any useful results. So: Does GRUB support loading ELF files without a multiboot header?
Technically, the answer is yes. But only in the form of GRUB loadable modules.