I'm trying to link directly using ld to isolate a build problem.
When I include /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.7/libstdc++.so, I get a few issues:
ac-aaa.o: In function `__static_initialization_and_destruction_0':
/usr/include/c++/4.7/iostream:75: undefined reference to `__dso_handle'
ac-callback.o: In function `__static_initialization_and_destruction_0':
/usr/include/c++/4.7/iostream:75: undefined reference to `__dso_handle'
...
Searching for __dso_handle:
$ grep __dso_handle /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.7/*
Binary file /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.7/cc1plus matches
Binary file /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.7/crtbegin.o matches
Binary file /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.7/crtbeginS.o matches
Binary file /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.7/crtbeginT.o matches
What is the difference between crtbegin.o, crtbeginT.o and crtbeginS.o?
You will find nice explanation here: http://dev.gentoo.org/~vapier/crt.txt
I will quote it following, in case that URL disappears.
Some definitions:
PIC - position independent code (-fPIC)
PIE - position independent executable (-fPIE -pie)
crt - C runtime
crt0.o crt1.o etc...
Some systems use crt0.o, while some use crt1.o (and a few even use crt2.o
or higher). Most likely due to a transitionary phase that some targets
went through. The specific number is otherwise entirely arbitrary -- look
at the internal gcc port code to figure out what your target expects. All
that matters is that whatever gcc has encoded, your C library better use
the same name.
This object is expected to contain the _start symbol which takes care of
bootstrapping the initial execution of the program. What exactly that
entails is highly libc dependent and as such, the object is provided by
the C library and cannot be mixed with other ones.
On uClibc/glibc systems, this object initializes very early ABI requirements
(like the stack or frame pointer), setting up the argc/argv/env values, and
then passing pointers to the init/fini/main funcs to the internal libc main
which in turn does more general bootstrapping before finally calling the real
main function.
glibc ports call this file 'start.S' while uClibc ports call this crt0.S or
crt1.S (depending on what their gcc expects).
crti.o
Defines the function prologs for the .init and .fini sections (with the _init
and _fini symbols respectively). This way they can be called directly. These
symbols also trigger the linker to generate DT_INIT/DT_FINI dynamic ELF tags.
These are to support the old style constructor/destructor system where all
.init/.fini sections get concatenated at link time. Not to be confused with
newer prioritized constructor/destructor .init_array/.fini_array sections and
DT_INIT_ARRAY/DT_FINI_ARRAY ELF tags.
glibc ports used to call this 'initfini.c', but now use 'crti.S'. uClibc
also uses 'crti.S'.
crtn.o
Defines the function epilogs for the .init/.fini sections. See crti.o.
glibc ports used to call this 'initfini.c', but now use 'crtn.S'. uClibc
also uses 'crtn.S'.
Scrt1.o
Used in place of crt1.o when generating PIEs.
gcrt1.o
Used in place of crt1.o when generating code with profiling information.
Compile with -pg. Produces output suitable for the gprof util.
Mcrt1.o
Like gcrt1.o, but is used with the prof utility. glibc installs this as
a dummy file as it's useless on linux systems.
crtbegin.o
GCC uses this to find the start of the constructors.
crtbeginS.o
Used in place of crtbegin.o when generating shared objects/PIEs.
crtbeginT.o
Used in place of crtbegin.o when generating static executables.
crtend.o
GCC uses this to find the start of the destructors.
crtendS.o
Used in place of crtend.o when generating shared objects/PIEs.
General linking order:
crt1.o crti.o crtbegin.o [-L paths] [user objects] [gcc libs] [C libs] [gcc libs] crtend.o crtn.o
More references:
http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gccint/Initialization.html