I need to do two things:
Add buttons to a custom group on the "Home" tab of the Outlook 2013 ribbon using Outlook 2013 VBA.
Within the macro that runs when each button is clicked I want to be able to tell the name of the button that was clicked.
The only possible way is to develop an add-in. Outlook doesn't allow to customize the UI using VBA.
You may find the Walkthrough: Creating a Custom Tab by Using the Ribbon Designer page helpful.