Since a string literal is considered an lvalue, why must the binding lvalue reference be const?

I know there are topics that are similar to this one already (such as this).

The example given in this topic was this:

std::string & rs1 = std::string();

Clearly, that std::string() is an rvalue. However, my question is why is s1 legal while s2 is not?

const std::string& s1 = "String literal";
std::string& s2 = "String literal";

The standard clearly states that string literals are lvalues (which is understandable since they are technically const char* behind the scenes). When I compile s2 though, I get the following:

prog.cpp:4:19: error: invalid initialization of non-const reference of type
'std::string& {aka std::basic_string<char>&}' from an rvalue of type
'const char*' std::string& s2 = "String literal";

I understand that the standard definition of lvalues and rvalues are mutually exclusive, so is this potentially an error with the compiler? I'm using gcc 4.9.2 in this example. Would this also be one of the cases where the literal is really an xvalue?

The problem is that a string literal is not of type std::string or subclass thereof - it is of type
char const[N]. Thus the type of the initializer is not reference compatible with the target type of the reference, and a temporary must be created and bound to the reference.

However, temporaries cannot be bound to non-const lvalue references. I.e. your case is equivalent to

std::string& s = std::string("Abcdefg");

which is, even according to you, clearly ill-formed.

Actually the precise reason it doesn't work is not because temporaries cannot be bound to non-const lvalue references, but rather that the initializer of a non-const lvalue reference is subject to certain requirements that char const[N] cannot meet in this case, [dcl.init.ref]/5:

A reference to type “cv1 T1” is initialized by an expression of type “cv2 T2” as follows:

• If the reference is an lvalue reference and the initializer expression

  • is an lvalue (but is not a bit-field), and “cv1 T1” is reference-compatible with “cv2 T2” or
  • has a class type (i.e., T2 is a class type), where T1 is not reference-related to T2, and can be implicitly converted to an lvalue of type “cv3 T3,” where “cv1 T1” is reference-compatible with “cv3 T3”¹⁰⁶(this conversion is selected by enumerating the applicable conversion functions (13.3.1.6) and choosing the best one through overload resolution (13.3)),
    

  then the reference is bound to the initializer expression lvalue in the first case and to the lvalue result of the conversion in the second case (or, in either case, to the appropriate base class subobject of the object).

• Otherwise, the reference shall be an lvalue reference to a non-volatile const type (i.e., cv1 shall be const), or the reference shall be an rvalue reference.

  • [..]

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^{106) This requires a conversion function (12.3.2) returning a reference type.}