How to determine the max partition size?

How to determine what parameters decides that max partition size of an OS would be like 16TB in ext3 or any of the other filesystem?

It's going to be different for each type of filesystem. For ext3 and ext4, you can determine the max partition size by:

• Getting the block size with tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 | grep 'Block size:'
• Checking for a 64bit flag on the filesystem: tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 | grep 64bit
• If there is one, multiplying the blocksize by 2⁶⁴. Otherwise multiplying it by 2³².
• Dividing that number by 1024⁴ to get terabytes.