I want to build a Single Page Application using AngularJS as an client side framework, but I struggle to understand if I can use the ASP.NET as my server side framework?
I know that AngularJS is an MVC framework and when I'm trying to decide which server side framework to chose all I hear or read is MVC, MVC,...,MVC.
I know, this an subjective question, but still, can any one tell me if I need to learn ASP.NET MVC or I can still reach the desired result using the ASP.NET framework?
You can use whatever technology you want.
Basically to be able to communicate with angular you need something that listen for http requests (an http server so), parse them and that can send/read json (with maybe some extra libraries). The static pages can just be deserves by an apache in front.
You could do that in C parsing the whole thing yourself, but for performance, maintenability, speed of development and a bunch of other reasons, it's better to use an appropriate framework.
If your application is not big-scaled, specially in the backend part just search for a c# rest framework that handle thing that url mapping and json.