Can I query all of the supported databases via PDO using the same syntax? Or is the syntax database specific? For example, can I use the same syntax to get all tables from a MySQL and Oracle databases?
Nope, it doesn't.
As it said in my article on PDO, it's a Database Access Abstraction, which means only unified syntax for the database access, but not for SQL.
For the database independent queries you need a special language like Doctrine's DQL