I'm using Eclipse Neon and SonarQube 5.6.6(LTS). I've install sonarLint version 3.1.0. Following are my question.
1. Select your project and in Eclipse's Quick Access, select Analyze - Analyze with SonarLint. You can also assign a keyboard shortcut to this action by going to Window -> Preferences -> General -> Keys.
2. It seems as if you are not running in connected mode. Connecting a SonarQube server is not enough, you also have to bind individual projects. To do this, right click on your project in Eclipse, and select SonarLint -> Bind to a SonarQube project... Search for the name of your project on the server by typing in the box under SonarQube project, as show in the following screenshot:
Once connected, a SonarQube symbol should appear on your project's icon in Eclipse.
3. Once connected, the quality profile of your SonarQube server project will be used.
4. SonarLint only provides on the fly feedback, but does not trigger any analysis server side. Personally I have a clean verify sonar:sonar
Maven run configuration for my projects, and run it every now and again within Eclipse.
I recommend reading the SonarLint documentation for more information.