I have the following bootloader code which seems to run perfectly fine on a hard disk:
[bits 16]
[org 0x7c00]
bootld_start:
KERNEL_OFFSET equ 0x2000
xor ax, ax ; Explicitly set ES = DS = 0
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
mov bx, 0x8C00 ; Set SS:SP to 0x8C00:0x0000 . The stack will exist
; between 0x8C00:0x0000 and 0x8C00:0xFFFF
mov ss, bx
mov sp, ax
mov [BOOT_DRIVE], dl
mov bx, boot_msg
call print_string
mov dl, [BOOT_DRIVE]
call disk_load
jmp pm_setup
jmp $
BOOT_DRIVE:
db 0
disk_load:
mov si, dap
mov ah, 0x42
int 0x13
;cmp al, 4
;jne disk_error_132
ret
dap:
db 0x10 ; Size of DAP
db 0
; You can only read 46 sectors into memory between 0x2000 and
; 0x7C00. Don't read anymore or we overwrite the bootloader we are
; executing from. (0x7c00-0x2000)/512 = 46
dw 46 ; Number of sectors to read
dw KERNEL_OFFSET ; Offset
dw 0 ; Segment
dd 1
dd 0
disk_error_132:
mov bx, disk_error_132_msg
call print_string
jmp $
disk_error_132_msg:
db 'Error! Error! Something is VERY wrong! (0x132)', 0
gdt_start:
gdt_null:
dd 0x0
dd 0x0
gdt_code:
dw 0xffff
dw 0x0
db 0x0
db 10011010b
db 11001111b
db 0x0
gdt_data:
dw 0xffff
dw 0x0
db 0x0
db 10010010b
db 11001111b
db 0x0
gdt_end:
gdt_descriptor:
dw gdt_end - gdt_start
dd gdt_start
CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start
boot_msg:
db 'OS is booting files... ', 0
done_msg:
db 'Done! ', 0
%include "boot/print_string.asm"
pm_setup:
mov bx, done_msg
call print_string
mov ax, 0
mov ss, ax
mov sp, 0xFFFC
mov ax, 0
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
mov fs, ax
mov gs, ax
cli
lgdt[gdt_descriptor]
mov eax, cr0
or eax, 0x1
mov cr0, eax
jmp CODE_SEG:b32
[bits 32]
VIDEO_MEMORY equ 0xb8000
WHITE_ON_BLACK equ 0x0f
print32:
pusha
mov edx, VIDEO_MEMORY
.loop:
mov al, [ebx]
mov ah, WHITE_ON_BLACK
cmp al, 0
je .done
mov [edx], ax
add ebx, 1
add edx, 2
jmp .loop
.done:
popa
ret
b32:
mov ax, DATA_SEG
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
mov fs, ax
mov gs, ax
mov ss, ax
; Place stack below EBDA in lower memory
mov ebp, 0x9c000
mov esp, ebp
mov ebx, pmode_msg
call print32
call KERNEL_OFFSET
jmp $
pmode_msg:
db 'Protected mode enabled!', 0
kernel:
mov ebx, pmode_msg
call print32
jmp $
pmode_tst:
db 'Testing...'
times 510-($-$$) db 0
db 0x55
db 0xAA
The problem is that when I convert it to an ISO with these commands:
mkdir iso
mkdir iso/boot
cp image.flp iso/boot/boot
xorriso -as mkisofs -R -J -c boot/bootcat \
-b boot/boot -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 \
-o image.iso iso
...it fails with a triple fault. When I run it with qemu-system-i386 -boot d -cdrom os-image.iso -m 512 -d int -no-reboot -no-shutdown, it outputs (excluding useless SMM exceptions):
check_exception old: 0xffffffff new 0xd
0: v=0d e=0000 i=0 cpl=0 IP=0008:0000000000006616
pc=0000000000006616
SP=0010:000000000009bff8 env->regs[R_EAX]=0000000000000000
EAX=00000000 EBX=00007d72 ECX=00000000 EDX=000000e0
ESI=00007cb0 EDI=00000010 EBP=0009c000 ESP=0009bff8
EIP=00006616 EFL=00000083 [--S---C] CPL=0 II=0 A20=1 SMM=0 HLT=0
ES =0010 00000000 ffffffff 00cf9300 DPL=0 DS [-WA]
CS =0008 00000000 ffffffff 00cf9a00 DPL=0 CS32 [-R-]
SS =0010 00000000 ffffffff 00cf9300 DPL=0 DS [-WA]
DS =0010 00000000 ffffffff 00cf9300 DPL=0 DS [-WA]
FS =0010 00000000 ffffffff 00cf9300 DPL=0 DS [-WA]
GS =0010 00000000 ffffffff 00cf9300 DPL=0 DS [-WA]
LDT=0000 00000000 0000ffff 00008200 DPL=0 LDT
TR =0000 00000000 0000ffff 00008b00 DPL=0 TSS32-busy
GDT= 00007c73 00000018
IDT= 00000000 000003ff
CR0=00000011 CR2=00000000 CR3=00000000 CR4=00000000
DR0=0000000000000000 DR1=0000000000000000 DR2=0000000000000000 DR3=0000000000000000
DR6=00000000ffff0ff0 DR7=0000000000000400
CCS=000000e0 CCD=000001b3 CCO=ADDB
EFER=0000000000000000
check_exception old: 0xd new 0xd
1: v=08 e=0000 i=0 cpl=0 IP=0008:0000000000006616 pc=0000000000006616 SP=0010:000000000009bff8 env- >regs[R_EAX]=0000000000000000
EAX=00000000 EBX=00007d72 ECX=00000000 EDX=000000e0
ESI=00007cb0 EDI=00000010 EBP=0009c000 ESP=0009bff8
EIP=00006616 EFL=00000083 [--S---C] CPL=0 II=0 A20=1 SMM=0 HLT=0
ES =0010 00000000 ffffffff 00cf9300 DPL=0 DS [-WA]
CS =0008 00000000 ffffffff 00cf9a00 DPL=0 CS32 [-R-]
SS =0010 00000000 ffffffff 00cf9300 DPL=0 DS [-WA]
DS =0010 00000000 ffffffff 00cf9300 DPL=0 DS [-WA]
FS =0010 00000000 ffffffff 00cf9300 DPL=0 DS [-WA]
GS =0010 00000000 ffffffff 00cf9300 DPL=0 DS [-WA]
LDT=0000 00000000 0000ffff 00008200 DPL=0 LDT
TR =0000 00000000 0000ffff 00008b00 DPL=0 TSS32-busy
GDT= 00007c73 00000018
IDT= 00000000 000003ff
CR0=00000011 CR2=00000000 CR3=00000000 CR4=00000000
DR0=0000000000000000 DR1=0000000000000000 DR2=0000000000000000 DR3=0000000000000000
DR6=00000000ffff0ff0 DR7=0000000000000400
CCS=000000e0 CCD=000001b3 CCO=ADDB
EFER=0000000000000000
check_exception old: 0x8 new 0xd
Which means that I got a 0x0d (general protection fault), then a 0x08 (double fault), then it triple faulted. Why is this happening?
EDIT: I have changed the command to:
xorriso -as mkisofs -R -J -c boot/bootcat -b boot/boot.flp -o nmos.iso nmos.flp
But I am now getting the following error:
xorriso : FAILURE : Cannot find in ISO image: -boot_image ... bin_path='/boot/boot.flp'
xorriso : NOTE : -return_with SORRY 32 triggered by problem severity FAILURE
Does anyone know what this means?
EDIT 2:
I have changed the code to read using ah=0x02 like this:
mov bx, KERNEL_OFFSET
mov ah, 0x02
mov al, 46
mov ch, 0x00
mov dh, 0x00
mov cl, 0x02
mov dl, [BOOT_DRIVE]
int 0x13
But it is still triple-faulting. Why?
The primary cause of all the triple faults in your question really come down to the fact that your kernel isn't being loaded properly into the memory at 0x0000:0x2000. When you transfer control to this location with a JMP you end up running what happens to be in the memory region and the CPU executes until it hits an instruction that causes a fault.
Bootable CDs are strange beasts that have a number of different modes, and there are many BIOSes that boot such CDs but they too may have their own quirks. When you use -no-emul-boot with XORRISO you are requesting the disk neither be treated as a floppy nor hard disk. You could remove -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 that should generate an ISO that gets treated as a floppy. The problem with that is many real BIOSes, Emulators (BOCHs and QEMU) and Virtual machines do not support Int 13h/AH=42h extended disk reads when the CD is booted using floppy emulation. You may be forced to use regular disk read via Int 13h/AH=02h.
You should be able to use extended disk reads via Int 13h/AH=42h if you use -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 but it will require some changes to your bootloader. When using -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 CDROMs sector sizes are 2048 bytes, not 512. This will require a bit of modification to your bootloader and kernel. The -boot-load-size 4 writes information to the ISO that informs the BIOS to read 4 512-byte chunks from the beginning of the disk image inside the ISO. The 0xaa55 boot signature is no longer needed.
If you use -no-emul-boot there is one other snag that needs to be dealt with. On the CD-ROM LBA 0 isn't where the disk image gets placed in the final ISO. The question is, how can you get the LBA where the disk image is in the ISO? You can have XORRISO write this information into a special section of the bootloader you create, and you enable this feature with -boot-info-table.
Creating the special section at the beginning of the bootloader is relatively easy. In the El Torito Specification Supplement they mention this:
EL TORITO BOOT INFORMATION TABLE ... The format of this table is as follows; all integers are in sec- tion 7.3.1 ("little endian") format. Offset Name Size Meaning 8 bi_pvd 4 bytes LBA of primary volume descriptor 12 bi_file 4 bytes LBA of boot file 16 bi_length 4 bytes Boot file length in bytes 20 bi_csum 4 bytes 32-bit checksum 24 bi_reserved 40 bytes Reserved The 32-bit checksum is the sum of all the 32-bit words in the boot file starting at byte offset 64. All linear block addresses (LBAs) are given in CD sectors (normally 2048 bytes).
This is talking about the 56 bytes at offset 8 of the virtual disk we create holding our bootloader. If we modify the top of your bootloader code to look like this we effectively create a blank boot information table:
start:
jmp bootld_start
times 8-($-$$) db 0 ; Pad out first 8 bytes
; Boot info table
bi_pvd dd 0
bi_file dd 0
bi_kength dd 0
bi_csum dd 0
bi_reserved times 40 db 0 ; 40 bytes reserved
When using XORRISO with -boot-info-table this table will be filled in once the ISO is generated. bi_file is the important piece of information we will need since it is the LBA where our disk image is placed inside the ISO. We can use this to fill in the Disk Access Packet used by extended disk reads to read from the proper location of the ISO.
To make the DAP a little more readable and to account for 2048 byte sectors I've amended it to look like:
dap:
dap_size: db 0x10 ; Size of DAP
dap_zero db 0
; You can only read 11 2048 byte sectors into memory between 0x2000 and
; 0x7C00. Don't read anymore or we overwrite the bootloader we are
; executing from. (0x7c00-0x2000)/2048 = 11 (rounded down)
dap_numsec: dw 11 ; Number of sectors to read
dap_offset: dw KERNEL_OFFSET ; Offset
dap_segment: dw 0 ; Segment
dap_lba_low: dd 0
dap_lba_high:dd 0
One issue is that the LBA placed into the Boot Information table is from the start of the disk image (sector with our bootloader). We need to increment that LBA by 1 and place it into the DAP so we are using the LBA where our kernel starts. Using 32-bit instruction we can just read the 32-bit value from the Boot Information Table, add 1 and save it to the DAP. If using strictly 16-bit instructions add one to a 32-bit value is more complex. Since we are going into 386 protected mode we can assume instruction with 32-bit operands are supported in real mode. The code to update the DAP with the LBA of the kernel could look like:
mov ebx, [bi_file] ; Get LBA of our disk image in ISO
inc ebx ; Add sector to get LBA for start of kernel
mov [dap_lba_low], ebx ; Update DAP with LBA of kernel in the ISO
The only other issue is that the bootloader sector needs to be padded out to 2048 (the size of a CD-ROM sector) rather than 512 and we can remove the boot signature. Change:
times 510-($-$$) db 0
db 0x55
db 0xAA
To:
times 2048-($-$$) db 0
The modified bootloader code could look like:
[bits 16]
[org 0x7c00]
KERNEL_OFFSET equ 0x2000
start:
jmp bootld_start
times 8-($-$$) db 0 ; Pad out first 8 bytes
; Boot info table
bi_pvd dd 0
bi_file dd 0
bi_kength dd 0
bi_csum dd 0
bi_reserved times 40 db 0 ; 40 bytes reserved
bootld_start:
xor ax, ax ; Explicitly set ES = DS = 0
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
mov bx, 0x8C00 ; Set SS:SP to 0x8C00:0x0000 . The stack will exist
; between 0x8C00:0x0000 and 0x8C00:0xFFFF
mov ss, bx
mov sp, ax
mov ebx, [bi_file] ; Get LBA of our disk image in ISO
inc ebx ; Add sector to get LBA for start of kernel
mov [dap_lba_low], ebx ; Update DAP with LBA of kernel in the ISO
mov [BOOT_DRIVE], dl
mov bx, boot_msg
call print_string
mov dl, [BOOT_DRIVE]
call disk_load
jmp pm_setup
jmp $
BOOT_DRIVE:
db 0
disk_load:
mov si, dap
mov ah, 0x42
int 0x13
;cmp al, 4
;jne disk_error_132
ret
dap:
dap_size: db 0x10 ; Size of DAP
dap_zero db 0
; You can only read 11 2048 byte sectors into memory between 0x2000 and
; 0x7C00. Don't read anymore or we overwrite the bootloader we are
; executing from. (0x7c00-0x2000)/2048 = 11 (rounded down)
dap_numsec: dw 11 ; Number of sectors to read
dap_offset: dw KERNEL_OFFSET ; Offset
dap_segment: dw 0 ; Segment
dap_lba_low: dd 0
dap_lba_high:dd 0
disk_error_132:
mov bx, disk_error_132_msg
call print_string
jmp $
disk_error_132_msg:
db 'Error! Error! Something is VERY wrong! (0x132)', 0
gdt_start:
gdt_null:
dd 0x0
dd 0x0
gdt_code:
dw 0xffff
dw 0x0
db 0x0
db 10011010b
db 11001111b
db 0x0
gdt_data:
dw 0xffff
dw 0x0
db 0x0
db 10010010b
db 11001111b
db 0x0
gdt_end:
gdt_descriptor:
dw gdt_end - gdt_start
dd gdt_start
CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start
boot_msg:
db 'OS is booting files... ', 0
done_msg:
db 'Done! ', 0
%include "boot/print_string.asm"
pm_setup:
mov bx, done_msg
call print_string
mov ax, 0
mov ss, ax
mov sp, 0xFFFC
mov ax, 0
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
mov fs, ax
mov gs, ax
cli
lgdt[gdt_descriptor]
mov eax, cr0
or eax, 0x1
mov cr0, eax
jmp CODE_SEG:b32
[bits 32]
VIDEO_MEMORY equ 0xb8000
WHITE_ON_BLACK equ 0x0f
print32:
pusha
mov edx, VIDEO_MEMORY
.loop:
mov al, [ebx]
mov ah, WHITE_ON_BLACK
cmp al, 0
je .done
mov [edx], ax
add ebx, 1
add edx, 2
jmp .loop
.done:
popa
ret
b32:
mov ax, DATA_SEG
mov ds, ax
mov es, ax
mov fs, ax
mov gs, ax
mov ss, ax
; Place stack below EBDA in lower memory
mov ebp, 0x9c000
mov esp, ebp
mov ebx, pmode_msg
call print32
call KERNEL_OFFSET
jmp $
pmode_msg:
db 'Protected mode enabled!', 0
kernel:
mov ebx, pmode_msg
call print32
jmp $
pmode_tst:
db 'Testing...'
times 2048-($-$$) db 0
You can then modify your original XORRISO command to be:
xorriso -as mkisofs -R -J -c boot/bootcat \
-b boot/boot -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 \
-boot-info-table -o image.iso iso