What is a "span" and when should I use one?

Recently I've gotten suggestions to use span<T>'s in my code, or have seen some answers here on the site which use span's - supposedly some kind of container. But - I can't find anything like that in the C++17 standard library.

So what is this mysterious span<T>, and why (or when) is it a good idea to use it?

What is it?

A span<T> is:

• A very lightweight abstraction of a contiguous sequence of values of type T somewhere in memory.
• Basically a struct { T * ptr; std::size_t length; } with a bunch of convenience methods.
• A non-owning type (i.e. a "reference-type" rather than a "value type"): It never allocates nor deallocates anything and does not keep smart pointers alive.

It was formerly known as an array_view and even earlier as array_ref.

When should I use it?

First, when not to use spans:

• Don't use a span in code that could just take any pair of start & end iterators (like std::sort, std::find_if, std::copy and other templated functions from <algorithm>), and also not in code that takes an arbitrary range (see The C++20 ranges library for information about those). A span has stricter requirements than a pair of iterators or a range: element contiguity and presence of the elements in memory.
• Don't use a span if you have a standard library container (or a Boost container etc.) which you know is the right fit for your code. spans are not intended to supplant existing containers.

Now for when to actually use a span:

Use span<T> (respectively, span<const T>) instead of a free-standing T* (respectively const T*) when the allocated length or size also matter. So, replace functions like:

void read_into(int* buffer, size_t buffer_size);

with:

void read_into(span<int> buffer);

Why should I use it? Why is it a good thing?

Oh, spans are awesome! Using a span...

• means that you can work with that pointer+length / start+end pointer combination like you would with a fancy, pimped-out standard library container, e.g.:

  • for (auto& x : my_span) { /* do stuff */ }
  • std::find_if(my_span.cbegin(), my_span.cend(), some_predicate);
  • std::ranges::find_if(my_span, some_predicate); (in C++20)
    
    

  ... but with absolutely none of the overhead most container classes incur.

• lets the compiler do more work for you sometimes. For example, this:

  int buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
  read_into(buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);
  

  becomes this:

  int buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
  read_into(buffer);
  

  ... which will do what you would want it to do. See also Guideline P.5.

• is the reasonable alternative to passing const vector<T>& to functions when you expect your data to be contiguous in memory. No more getting scolded by high-and-mighty C++ gurus!

• facilitates static analysis, so the compiler might be able to help you catch silly bugs.

• allows for debug-compilation instrumentation for runtime bounds-checking (i.e. span's methods will have some bounds-checking code within #ifndef NDEBUG ... #endif)

• indicates that your code (that's using the span) doesn't own the pointed-to memory.

There's even more motivation for using spans, which you could find in the C++ core guidelines - but you catch the drift.

But is it in the standard library?

edit: Yes, std::span was added to C++ with the C++20 version of the language!

Why only in C++20? Well, While the idea is not new - its current form was conceived in conjunction with the C++ core guidelines project, which only started taking shape in 2015. So it took a while.

So how do I use it if I'm writing C++17 or earlier?

It's part of the Core Guidelines's Support Library (GSL). Implementations:

• Microsoft / Neil Macintosh's GSL contains a standalone implementation: gsl/span
• GSL-Lite is a single-header implementation of the whole GSL (it's not that big, don't worry), including span<T>.

The GSL implementation does generally assume a platform that implements C++14 support [12]. These alternative single-header implementations do not depend on GSL facilities:

• martinmoene/span-lite requires C++98 or later
• tcbrindle/span requires C++11 or later

Note that these different span implementations have some differences in what methods/support functions they come with; and they may also differ somewhat from the version adopted into the standard library in C++20.

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Further reading: You can find all the details and design considerations in the final official proposal before C++17, P0122R7: span: bounds-safe views for sequences of objects by Neal Macintosh and Stephan J. Lavavej. It's a bit long though. Also, in C++20, the span comparison semantics changed (following this short paper by Tony van Eerd).

There is also a multi-dimensional extension of spans: mdspans; see this SO question.