Where would I look to check the AzureAD version? Is there some command line utility that would return the version, or some rest endpoint that gives basic information like that?
Azure AD itself is versionless. What can be v1 or v2 is the endpoint and app registration with which you talk to it.
Check out the docs on the v2 endpoint and a v1 vs v2 comparison
For most URLs (metadata, authorize, token), you can tell based on whether it contains /v2.0/ for example:
https://login.microsoftonline.com/common/oauth2/authorize
is v1 whereas
https://login.microsoftonline.com/common/oauth2/v2.0/authorize
is v2
EDIT - Including extra data points provided by Daniel
The version of your Azure AD application depends on what portal was used to register it,