I tried to use the following code for the header of a Multiboot2 compliant kernel, but when I tried the multiboot2 command in grub, it gave the following error message:
error: unsupported tag: 0xc
My Multiboot2 header is defined as:
section .multiboot align=4096
mbhead: dd 0xe85250d6
dd 0
dd 76
dd 0 - 76 - 0xe85250d6 ; TODO the linker and assembler get angry if we calculate this with symbols, we need to do this by hand
dw 1 ; multiboot information request
dw 0
dd 20
dd 1
dd 2
dd 6
dw 4 ; console flags
dw 0
dd 12
dd 0x3
dw 5 ; framebuffer settings
dw 1
dd 12
dd 80
dd 25
dd 0
dw 0 ; last tag
dw 0
dd 8
My project repository provides complete source code. I generate an ISO with make test_longmode.iso. I test with QEMU.
What is the problem causing the tag error, and how I can I fix it?
The GRUB error:
error: unsupported tag: 0xc
Is because you haven't 8 byte aligned each of the tag as per the Multiboot2 specification:
3.1.3 General tag structure
Tags constitutes a buffer of structures following each other padded when necessary in order for each tag to start at 8-bytes aligned address. Tags are terminated by a tag of type ‘0’ and size ‘8’. Every structure has following format
To easily fix this you can use align 8 before each tag and you can let the assembler handle the alignment. This alignment doesn't get computed into the length of the tag.
Your checksum could better be computed so as to not cause a warning by having NASM use truncation. This line:
dd 0 - 76 - 0xe85250d6
Could have been better expressed as:
dd 0x100000000 - 76 - 0xe85250d6
I think the first thing about this code snippet is how unreadable it is. What caught my attention is this comment:
TODO the linker and assembler get angry if we calculate this with symbols, we need to do this by hand
It seems you may have computed values by hand because you had a problem in attempting to do it in some other fashion. A NASM directive that helps here is the EQU directive:
3.2.4 EQU: Defining Constants
EQU defines a symbol to a given constant value: when EQU is used, the source line must contain a label. The action of EQU is to define the given label name to the value of its (only) operand. This definition is absolute, and cannot change later. So, for example,
message db 'hello, world' msglen equ $-messagedefines msglen to be the constant 12. msglen may not then be redefined later. This is not a preprocessor definition either: the value of msglen is evaluated once, using the value of $ (see section 3.5 for an explanation of $) at the point of definition, rather than being evaluated wherever it is referenced and using the value of $ at the point of reference.
By using EQU we can make the code more readable.
Secondly you can add labels to the begin and end of each tag and then have the assembler calculate the length of each tag for you. The length is the difference between an end label and start label for each tag.
The NASM assembly code with the changes suggested above could look like:
MB2_ARCH EQU 0 ; 0 = x86/x86-64
MB2_LEN EQU (mbend-mbhead)
MB2_MAGIC EQU 0xe85250d6
section .multiboot align=4096
mbhead:
dd MB2_MAGIC ; Multiboot2 magic number
dd MB2_ARCH ; Architecture
dd MB2_LEN ; Multiboot header length
dd 0x100000000 - MB2_LEN - MB2_ARCH - MB2_MAGIC
; Checksum
mb2_tag_info_start:
dw 1 ; multiboot information request
dw 0
dd mb2_tag_info_end - mb2_tag_info_start
dd 1
dd 2
dd 6
mb2_tag_info_end:
align 8
mb2_tag_console_start:
dw 4 ; console flags
dw 0
dd mb2_tag_console_end - mb2_tag_console_start
dd 0x3
mb2_tag_console_end:
align 8
mb2_tag_fb_start:
dw 5 ; framebuffer settings
dw 1
dd mb2_tag_fb_end - mb2_tag_fb_start
dd 80
dd 25
dd 0
mb2_tag_fb_end:
align 8
mb2_tag_end_start:
dw 0 ; last tag
dw 0
dd mb2_tag_end_end - mb2_tag_end_start
mb2_tag_end_end:
mbend:
This can be improved further but even this will seem more readable and self documenting than the original code snippet. If you change the size of a tag or the header, all the lengths will be computed for you. If the size changes the align 8 directive will compute proper alignment for you. This makes the code more maintainable.