I am just looking at docker images in https://hub.docker.com/_/node/
For every version, the images are categorized into Alpine, Jessie, Stretch, Buster etc. What's their meaning?
Those are the names of the OS in the container in which Node will be running.
Alpine is for Alpine Linux, Jessie and Stretch are versions of Debian. If you scroll down on the documentation link you provided, you'll find a section describing what Alpine is and why you might want to use it.