I am interested in using pybind11 to optimize some Python computation using C++. The casting documentation doesn't make much sense to me and was wondering if anyone knew how to cast boost datatypes, specifically cpp_int, to a Python datatype so I can return computations. A simple example of what I'm trying to do would be factorials:
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
#include <pybind11/stl.h>
#include <boost/multiprecision/cpp_int.hpp>
using boost::multiprecision::cpp_int;
namespace py = pybind11;
py::int_ fact(int i) {
cpp_int prod = 1;
while(i-- >= 1){
prod *= (i+1);
}
return py::cast(prod);
}
PYBIND11_MODULE(fact, m) {
m.def("fact", &fact,R"pbdoc(
Returns the factorial of a number.
)pbdoc");
}
The above compiles but when I go to use it I get
TypeError: Unregistered type : boost::multiprecision::number<boost::multiprecision::backends::cpp_int_backend<0u, 0u, (boost::multiprecision::cpp_integer_type)1, (boost::multiprecision::cpp_int_check_type)0, std::allocator<unsigned long long> >, (boost::multiprecision::expression_template_option)1>
so something isn't working with py::cast I think...
My laptop runs Windows 10 and I am using Anaconda Python 3.7
C:\Users\15734>python
Python 3.7.1 (default, Dec 10 2018, 22:54:23) [MSC v.1915 64 bit (AMD64)] :: Anaconda, Inc. on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
and Stephan T. Lavavej's MinGW C++ 8.2.0
C:\Users\15734>g++ -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=g++
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=c:/mingw/bin/../libexec/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/8.2.0/lto-wrapper.exe
Target: x86_64-w64-mingw32
Configured with: ../src/configure --enable-languages=c,c++ --build=x86_64-w64-mingw32 --host=x86_64-w64-mingw32 --target=x86_64-w64-mingw32 --disable-multilib --prefix=/c/temp/gcc/dest --with-sysroot=/c/temp/gcc/dest --disable-libstdcxx-pch --disable-libstdcxx-verbose --disable-nls --disable-shared --disable-win32-registry --with-tune=haswell --enable-threads=posix --enable-libgomp
Thread model: posix
gcc version 8.2.0 (GCC)
I am also using Build Tools for Visual Studio 2017 for the vcruntime140.dll located in "C:\ProgramFiles(x86)\MicrosoftVisualStudio\2017\BuildTools\VC\Redist\MSVC\14.16.27012\onecore\x64\Microsoft.VC141.CRT" (which I copied and pasted into "C:\MinGW\lib"). I also changed all string "gcc" in "C:\Anaconda3\Lib\distutils\cygwinccompiler.py" to "g++" (I did not change the variable names with gcc in them).
Keywords:
"pybind11" ; "Boost" ; "C++ and Python" ; "boost::multiprecision::cpp_int"
I got this working:
#include <boost/multiprecision/cpp_int.hpp>
#include <iomanip>
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>
#include <sstream>
using cpp_int = boost::multiprecision::cpp_int;
namespace py = pybind11;
namespace pybind11
{
namespace detail
{
template <>
struct type_caster<cpp_int> {
/**
* This macro establishes the name 'cpp_int' in
* function signatures and declares a local variable
* 'value' of type cpp_int
*/
PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER(cpp_int, _("cpp_int"));
/**
* Conversion part 1 (Python->C++): convert a PyObject into a cpp_int
* instance or return false upon failure. The second argument
* indicates whether implicit conversions should be applied.
*/
bool load(handle src, bool)
{
// Convert into base 16 string (PyNumber_ToBase prepend '0x')
PyObject* tmp = PyNumber_ToBase(src.ptr(), 16);
if (!tmp) return false;
std::string s = py::cast<std::string>(tmp);
value = cpp_int{s}; // explicit cast from string to cpp_int,
// don't need a base here because
// `PyNumber_ToBase` already prepended '0x'
Py_DECREF(tmp);
/* Ensure return code was OK (to avoid out-of-range errors etc) */
return !PyErr_Occurred();
}
/**
* Conversion part 2 (C++ -> Python): convert an cpp_int instance into
* a Python object. The second and third arguments are used to
* indicate the return value policy and parent object (for
* ``return_value_policy::reference_internal``) and are generally
* ignored by implicit casters.
*/
static handle cast(const cpp_int& src, return_value_policy, handle)
{
// Convert cpp_int to base 16 string
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << std::hex << src;
return PyLong_FromString(oss.str().c_str(), nullptr, 16);
}
};
} // namespace detail
} // namespace pybind11
py::int_ fact(int i)
{
cpp_int prod = 1;
while (i-- > 1) prod *= i + 1;
return py::cast(prod);
}
PYBIND11_MODULE(python_example, m)
{
m.def("fact", &fact, R"pbdoc(
Returns the factorial of a number.
)pbdoc");
}
Probably not the fastest way since it converts cpp_int
to a temporary base 16 string first and then convert this string to Python integer.