Modern Fortran contains various object-oriented ideas, including a concepts of "destructors" through the FINAL keyword.
MODULE mobject
TYPE :: tobject
! Data declarations
CONTAINS
FINAL :: finalize
END TYPE
CONTAINS
SUBROUTINE finalize(object)
TYPE(tobject) object
...
END SUBROUTINE
END MODULE
However, is this feature reliable? Notably, I noticed inconsistencies about when, and whether at all, it will be called, with major differences between Intel Fortran 19 and GFortan 7, 8:
I noticed no difference between gfortran-7.4.0 and gfortran-8.2.1.2.
These inconsistencies raise some questions about the practical usability of destructors for me. Is either of the behaviors fully conforming with the standard? Is the standard unclear on this? Does the standard maybe contain clauses, that lead to unintuitive behavior?
PROGRAM Block. Gfortran will not call the destructor for instances declared in the PROGRAM block, while Ifort will (see run1 in example).
Scalar objects. For instances declared as scalars, both Gfortran and IFort will call the destructor, if the variable has seen any form of initialization. Intel Fortran however, when assigning a function return value, will call it also
newObject function.This can however be guarded against by explicitly checking whether the object is initialized, before performing any cleanup.
This means, that the programmer has to explicitly check, if the instance has been initialized.
Objects in arrays. If the object is contain in an array, and the array goes out of scope,
allocatable.Allocatable array initialized by assignment. When using the modern feature, where assignment to an allocatable array implies allocation, the same holds, except that there are no uninitialzied instances upon which IntelFortran can call the destructor.
Allocatable/Pointers from functions.
allocatable object or a pointer to an object, and instead calls it when the value is deallocated in the client code, explicitly or by going out of scope for allocatables. That's what I expected.allocatable, but not when it is a pointer, Intel Fortran invokes the destructor on the local value of the function upon exiting the function.var = newObject(...)), or in the case of the pointer variant, with explicit allocation (allocate(var); var = newObject(...)), the destructor is invoked on uninitialized memory, visible in run5MoveAlloc and run6MovePtr from %name containing junk data. This can be resolved by using the allocate(var); call var%init(...) pattern instead.!! -- Makefile ---------------------------------------------------
!! Runs the code with various compilers.
SHELL = bash
FC = NO_COMPILER_SPECIFIED
COMPILERS = gfortran-7 gfortran-8 ifort
PR = @echo$(n)pr -m -t -w 100
define n
endef
all:
rm -rf *.mod *.bin
$(foreach FC, $(COMPILERS), $(n)\
rm -rf *.mod && \
$(FC) destructor.f90 -o $(FC).bin && \
chmod +x $(FC).bin)
$(PR) $(foreach FC, $(COMPILERS), <(head -1 <($(FC) --version)))
$(info)
$(foreach N,0 1 2 3 4 5 6,$(n) \
$(PR) $(foreach FC, $(COMPILERS), <(./$(FC).bin $(N))))
!! -- destructor.f90 ---------------------------------------------
module mobject
implicit none
private
public tobject, newObject
type :: tobject
character(32) :: name = "<undef>"
contains
procedure :: init
final :: finalize
end type tobject
contains
subroutine init(object, name)
class(tobject), intent(inout) :: object
character(*), intent(in) :: name
print *, "+ ", name
object%name = name
end subroutine init
function newObject(name)
type(tobject) :: newObject
character(*), intent(in) :: name
call new%init(name)
end function newObject
subroutine finalize(object)
type(tobject) :: object
print *, "- ", object%name
end subroutine finalize
end module mobject
module mrun
use mobject
implicit none
contains
subroutine run1()
type(tobject) :: o1_uninit, o2_field_assigned, o3_tobject, o4_new, o6_init
type(tobject), allocatable :: o5_new_alloc, o7_init_alloc
print *, ">>>>> run1"
o2_field_assigned%name = "o2_field_assigned"
o3_tobject = tobject("o3_tobject")
o4_new = newObject("o4_new")
o5_new_alloc = newObject("o5_new_alloc")
call o6_init%init("o6_init")
allocate(o7_init_alloc)
call o7_init_alloc%init("o7_init_alloc")
print *, "<<<<< run1"
end subroutine run1
subroutine run2Array()
type(tobject) :: objects(4)
print *, ">>>>> run2Array"
objects(1)%name = "objects(1)_uninit"
objects(2) = tobject("objects(2)_tobject")
objects(3) = newObject("objects(3)_new")
call objects(4)%init("objects(4)_init")
print *, "<<<<< run2Array"
end subroutine run2Array
subroutine run3AllocArr()
type(tobject), allocatable :: objects(:)
print *, ">>>>> run3AllocArr"
allocate(objects(4))
objects(1)%name = "objects(1)_uninit"
objects(2) = tobject("objects(2)_tobject")
objects(3) = newObject("objects(3)_new")
call objects(4)%init("objects(4)_init")
print *, "<<<<< run3AllocArr"
end subroutine run3AllocArr
subroutine run4AllocArrAssgn()
type(tobject), allocatable :: objects(:)
print *, ">>>>> run4AllocArrAssgn"
objects = [ &
tobject("objects(1)_tobject"), &
newObject("objects(2)_new") ]
print *, "<<<<< run4AllocArrAssgn"
end subroutine run4AllocArrAssgn
subroutine run5MoveAlloc()
type(tobject), allocatable :: o_alloc
print *, ">>>>> run5MoveAlloc"
o_alloc = getAlloc()
print *, "<<<<< run5MoveAlloc"
end subroutine run5MoveAlloc
function getAlloc() result(object)
type(tobject), allocatable :: object
print *, ">>>>> getAlloc"
allocate(object)
object = newObject("o_alloc")
print *, "<<<<< getAlloc"
end function getAlloc
subroutine run6MovePtr()
type(tobject), pointer :: o_pointer
print *, ">>>>> run6MovePtr"
o_pointer => getPtr()
deallocate(o_pointer)
print *, "<<<<< run6MovePtr"
end subroutine run6MovePtr
function getPtr() result(object)
type(tobject), pointer :: object
print *, ">>>>> getPtr"
allocate(object)
object = newObject("o_pointer")
print *, "<<<<< getPtr"
end function getPtr
end module mrun
program main
use mobject
use mrun
implicit none
type(tobject) :: object
character(1) :: argument
print *, ">>>>> main"
call get_command_argument(1, argument)
select case (argument)
case("1")
call run1()
case("2")
call run2Array()
case("3")
call run3AllocArr()
case("4")
call run4AllocArrAssgn()
case("5")
call run5MoveAlloc()
case("6")
call run6MovePtr()
case("0")
print *, "####################";
print *, ">>>>> runDirectlyInMain"
object = newObject("object_in_main")
print *, "<<<<< runDirectlyInMain"
case default
print *, "Incorrect commandline argument"
end select
print *, "<<<<< main"
end program main
>> make
rm -rf *.mod *.bin
rm -rf *.mod && gfortran-7 destructor.f90 -o gfortran-7.bin && chmod +x gfortran-7.bin
rm -rf *.mod && gfortran-8 destructor.f90 -o gfortran-8.bin && chmod +x gfortran-8.bin
rm -rf *.mod && ifort destructor.f90 -o ifort.bin && chmod +x ifort.bin
pr -m -t -w 100 <(head -1 <(gfortran-7 --version)) <(head -1 <(gfortran-8 --version)) <(head -1 <(ifort --version))
GNU Fortran (SUSE Linux) 7.4.0 GNU Fortran (SUSE Linux) 8.2.1 2 ifort (IFORT) 19.0.4.243 2019041
pr -m -t -w 100 <(./gfortran-7.bin 0) <(./gfortran-8.bin 0) <(./ifort.bin 0)
>>>>> main >>>>> main >>>>> main
#################### #################### ####################
>>>>> runDirectlyInMain >>>>> runDirectlyInMain >>>>> runDirectlyInMain
+ object_in_main + object_in_main + object_in_main
<<<<< runDirectlyInMain <<<<< runDirectlyInMain - <undef>
<<<<< main <<<<< main - object_in_main
<<<<< runDirectlyInMain
<<<<< main
pr -m -t -w 100 <(./gfortran-7.bin 1) <(./gfortran-8.bin 1) <(./ifort.bin 1)
>>>>> main >>>>> main >>>>> main
>>>>> run1 >>>>> run1 >>>>> run1
+ o4_new + o4_new - <undef>
+ o5_new_alloc + o5_new_alloc + o4_new
+ o6_init + o6_init - <undef>
+ o7_init_alloc + o7_init_alloc - o4_new
<<<<< run1 <<<<< run1 + o5_new_alloc
- o7_init_alloc - o7_init_alloc - o5_new_alloc
- o6_init - o6_init + o6_init
- o5_new_alloc - o5_new_alloc + o7_init_alloc
- o4_new - o4_new <<<<< run1
- o3_tobject - o3_tobject - <undef>
- o2_field_assigned - o2_field_assigned - o2_field_assigned
<<<<< main <<<<< main - o3_tobject
- o4_new
- o6_init
- o5_new_alloc
- o7_init_alloc
<<<<< main
pr -m -t -w 100 <(./gfortran-7.bin 2) <(./gfortran-8.bin 2) <(./ifort.bin 2)
>>>>> main >>>>> main >>>>> main
>>>>> run2Array >>>>> run2Array >>>>> run2Array
+ objects(3)_new + objects(3)_new - <undef>
+ objects(4)_init + objects(4)_init + objects(3)_new
<<<<< run2Array <<<<< run2Array - <undef>
<<<<< main <<<<< main - objects(3)_new
+ objects(4)_init
<<<<< run2Array
<<<<< main
pr -m -t -w 100 <(./gfortran-7.bin 3) <(./gfortran-8.bin 3) <(./ifort.bin 3)
>>>>> main >>>>> main >>>>> main
>>>>> run3AllocArr >>>>> run3AllocArr >>>>> run3AllocArr
+ objects(3)_new + objects(3)_new - <undef>
+ objects(4)_init + objects(4)_init + objects(3)_new
<<<<< run3AllocArr <<<<< run3AllocArr - <undef>
<<<<< main <<<<< main - objects(3)_new
+ objects(4)_init
<<<<< run3AllocArr
<<<<< main
pr -m -t -w 100 <(./gfortran-7.bin 4) <(./gfortran-8.bin 4) <(./ifort.bin 4)
>>>>> main >>>>> main >>>>> main
>>>>> run4AllocArrAssgn >>>>> run4AllocArrAssgn >>>>> run4AllocArrAssgn
+ objects(2)_new + objects(2)_new + objects(2)_new
<<<<< run4AllocArrAssgn <<<<< run4AllocArrAssgn - objects(2)_new
<<<<< main <<<<< main <<<<< run4AllocArrAssgn
<<<<< main
pr -m -t -w 100 <(./gfortran-7.bin 5) <(./gfortran-8.bin 5) <(./ifort.bin 5)
>>>>> main >>>>> main >>>>> main
>>>>> run5MoveAlloc >>>>> run5MoveAlloc >>>>> run5MoveAlloc
>>>>> getAlloc >>>>> getAlloc >>>>> getAlloc
+ o_alloc + o_alloc + o_alloc
<<<<< getAlloc <<<<< getAlloc - `4�\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0
<<<<< run5MoveAlloc <<<<< run5MoveAlloc - o_alloc
- o_alloc - o_alloc <<<<< getAlloc
<<<<< main <<<<< main - o_alloc
<<<<< run5MoveAlloc
- o_alloc
<<<<< main
pr -m -t -w 100 <(./gfortran-7.bin 6) <(./gfortran-8.bin 6) <(./ifort.bin 6)
>>>>> main >>>>> main >>>>> main
>>>>> run6MovePtr >>>>> run6MovePtr >>>>> run6MovePtr
>>>>> getPtr >>>>> getPtr >>>>> getPtr
+ o_pointer + o_pointer + o_pointer
<<<<< getPtr <<<<< getPtr - `��\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0
- o_pointer - o_pointer - o_pointer
<<<<< run6MovePtr <<<<< run6MovePtr <<<<< getPtr
<<<<< main <<<<< main - o_pointer
<<<<< run6MovePtr
<<<<< main
The question about reliability and usability in general is quite subjective, because one has to consider many points that are unique to you (Do you need to support multiple compilers? Do you need to support their older versions? Which ones exactly? How critical it is if some entity is not finalized?).
You pose some claims which are hard to answer without actual code examples and may be a topic for a separate complete questions and answers. Gfortran publishes the current status of implementation of Fortran 2003 and 2008 features in this bug report https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=37336 (the link points to a meta-bug that points to several individual issues tracked in the bugzilla). It is known and that the feature is not finished and that there are outstanding issues. Most notably (at least for me), function results are not being finalized. An overview of the status of other compilers (simplified to Y/N/paritally) is at http://fortranwiki.org/fortran/show/Fortran+2003+status and used to be periodically updated in Fortran Forum articles.
I can't speak about those alleged spurious finalizations of Intel Fortran. If you identified a bug in your compiler, you should file a bug report with your vendor. Intel is generally quite responsive.
Some individual issues could be answered, though. You will likely find separate Q/As about them. But:
Gfortran will not call the destructor for instances declared in the PROGRAM block, while Ifort will (see run1 in example).
save attribute according to the standard. The compiler is not supposed to generate any automatic finalization.Intel Fortran however, when assigning a function return value, will call it also
This means, that the programmer has to explicitly check, if the instance has been initialized.
When using the modern feature, where assignment to an allocatable array implies allocation, the same holds, except that there are no uninitialzied instances upon which IntelFortran can call the destructor.
Allocatable/Pointers from functions.
If you want any of the points to be answered in detail, you really have to ask a specific question. This one is too broad for that. The help/instructions for this site contain "Please edit the question to limit it to a specific problem with enough detail to identify an adequate answer. Avoid asking multiple distinct questions at once. See the [ask] for help clarifying this question."