If I do this in sqlite3 shell it works perfectly but I want to do this same in my C++ code. If I use a callback function to print the columns then I don't know how to pass that ".mode" and ".header" arguments in C++ to print the table in a below-formatted manner.
sqlite> .mode column
sqlite> .headers on
sqlite> select * from foo;
bar baz baf
---------- ---------- ----------
234 kshitiz dba.se
.mode and .headers are commands specific to the sqlite executable, not SQL commands you can use elsewhere. So you have to reproduce the behavior in code, which fortunately is not difficult.
To fetch column names from a table you can read from sqlite_master but there are other ways. Check out this post for example: How to read metadata from Sqlite database