I'm very confused as to what is wrong here. I am getting an undefined reference error to an array I have defined the same way as two others which are not throwing errors elsewhere in the code.
undefined reference to `shift7seg::numbers'
shift7seg.cpp code showing other function using similarly defined arrays being used
uint8_t shift7seg::convert_char(const char& OGchar){
uint8_t converted;
switch (OGchar){
case 'A':
converted = capital[0];
break;
case 'h':
converted = lower[3];
break;
//more cases removed for posting
}
return converted;
}
uint8_t shift7seg::convert_num(const uint8_t& OGnum){
uint8_t converted;
if(OGnum<10){
converted = numbers[OGnum];
}
else{
converted = blank;
}
return converted;
}
shift7seg.h showing definitions of arrays being used
class shift7seg{
public:
//constructor, choose pins to use as well as display size
shift7seg(const uint8_t _dataPin,
const uint8_t _latchPin,
const uint8_t _clkPin,
const uint8_t _num_digits);
static constexpr uint8_t numbers[10] = // 7 segment values for decimals 0..9
{
//TRUTH TABLE | 0 = segment on
//ABCDEFGH | 1 = segment off
B00000011, //0 | A
B10011111, //1 | -----
B00100101, //2 | F | | B
B00001101, //3 | | G |
B10011001, //4 | -----
B01001001, //5 | E | | C
B01000001, //6 | | |
B00011111, //7 | -----
B00000001, //8 | D
B00011001 //9 |
};
static constexpr uint8_t capital[13] =
{
B00010001, //A or R, 0
B00000001, //B 1
B01100011, //C 2
B00000011, //D or O, 3
B01100001, //E 4
B01110001, //F 5
B01000001, //G 6
B10010001, //H 7
B10000111, //J 8
B11100011, //L 9
B00110001, //P 10
B01001001, //S 11
B10000011 //U or V, 12
};
static constexpr uint8_t lower[9] =
{
B11000001, //b 0
B11100101, //c 1
B10000101, //d 2
B11010001, //h 3
B10011111, //l 4
B11010101, //n 5
B11000101, //o 6
B11110101, //r 7
B11000111 //u or v, 8
};
Dialect is C++11 I cannot for the life of me figure out what I have done wrong. Talking to the rubber duck has done nothing so far.
More of the error code is here.
more undefined references to `shift7seg::numbers' follow
collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status
exit status 1
Somewhere in your code you are ODR-using numbers
but you don't have a definition for it.
Here's a simple version of your problem (wandbox):
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdint>
class shift7seg {
public:
static constexpr std::uint8_t numbers[10] = {};
};
int main() {
// taking the address is ODR-use
std::cout << &shift7seg::numbers[0] << '\n';
}
Possible solutions are
compile with -std=c++17
(or later) where all static constexpr
data members are implicitly inline
and don't need out-of-line definitions
Add an out-of-line definition in your implementation file (shift7seg.cpp) like this (wandbox):
constexpr std::uint8_t shift7seg::numbers[10];