I am running :)
forever(Until I send KeyboardInterrupt signal to the program),
but when I uncomment // printf("done:%d\n", done);, recompile and run it, it will print only two times, prints done: 1 and then returns.
I'm new to ucontext.h and I'm very confused about how this code is working and
why a single printf is changing whole behavior of the code, if you replace printf with done++; it would do the same but if you replace it with done = 2; it does not affect anything and works as we had the printf commented at first place.
Can anyone explain:
Why is this code acting like this and what's the logic behind it?
Sorry for my bad English,
Thanks a lot.
#include <ucontext.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
register int done = 0;
ucontext_t one;
ucontext_t two;
getcontext(&one);
printf("I am running :)\n");
sleep(1);
if (!done)
{
done = 1;
swapcontext(&two, &one);
}
// printf("done:%d\n", done);
return 0;
}
This is a compiler optimization "problem". When the "printf()" is commented, the compiler deduces that "done" will not be used after the "if (!done)", so it does not set it to 1 as it is not worth. But when the "printf()" is present, "done" is used after "if (!done)", so the compiler sets it.
Assembly code with the "printf()":
$ gcc ctx.c -o ctx -g
$ objdump -S ctx
[...]
int main(void)
{
11e9: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64
11ed: 55 push %rbp
11ee: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
11f1: 48 81 ec b0 07 00 00 sub $0x7b0,%rsp
11f8: 64 48 8b 04 25 28 00 mov %fs:0x28,%rax
11ff: 00 00
1201: 48 89 45 f8 mov %rax,-0x8(%rbp)
1205: 31 c0 xor %eax,%eax
register int done = 0;
1207: c7 85 5c f8 ff ff 00 movl $0x0,-0x7a4(%rbp) <------- done set to 0
120e: 00 00 00
ucontext_t one;
ucontext_t two;
getcontext(&one);
1211: 48 8d 85 60 f8 ff ff lea -0x7a0(%rbp),%rax
1218: 48 89 c7 mov %rax,%rdi
121b: e8 c0 fe ff ff callq 10e0 <getcontext@plt>
1220: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64
printf("I am running :)\n");
1224: 48 8d 3d d9 0d 00 00 lea 0xdd9(%rip),%rdi # 2004 <_IO_stdin_used+0x4>
122b: e8 70 fe ff ff callq 10a0 <puts@plt>
sleep(1);
1230: bf 01 00 00 00 mov $0x1,%edi
1235: e8 b6 fe ff ff callq 10f0 <sleep@plt>
if (!done)
123a: 83 bd 5c f8 ff ff 00 cmpl $0x0,-0x7a4(%rbp)
1241: 75 27 jne 126a <main+0x81>
{
done = 1;
1243: c7 85 5c f8 ff ff 01 movl $0x1,-0x7a4(%rbp) <----- done set to 1
124a: 00 00 00
swapcontext(&two, &one);
124d: 48 8d 95 60 f8 ff ff lea -0x7a0(%rbp),%rdx
1254: 48 8d 85 30 fc ff ff lea -0x3d0(%rbp),%rax
125b: 48 89 d6 mov %rdx,%rsi
125e: 48 89 c7 mov %rax,%rdi
1261: e8 6a fe ff ff callq 10d0 <swapcontext@plt>
1266: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64
}
printf("done:%d\n", done);
126a: 8b b5 5c f8 ff ff mov -0x7a4(%rbp),%esi
1270: 48 8d 3d 9d 0d 00 00 lea 0xd9d(%rip),%rdi # 2014 <_IO_stdin_used+0x14>
1277: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax
127c: e8 3f fe ff ff callq 10c0 <printf@plt>
return 0;
Assembly code without the "printf()":
$ gcc ctx.c -o ctx -g
$ objdump -S ctx
[...]
int main(void)
{
11c9: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64
11cd: 55 push %rbp
11ce: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
11d1: 48 81 ec b0 07 00 00 sub $0x7b0,%rsp
11d8: 64 48 8b 04 25 28 00 mov %fs:0x28,%rax
11df: 00 00
11e1: 48 89 45 f8 mov %rax,-0x8(%rbp)
11e5: 31 c0 xor %eax,%eax
register int done = 0;
11e7: c7 85 5c f8 ff ff 00 movl $0x0,-0x7a4(%rbp) <------ done set to 0
11ee: 00 00 00
ucontext_t one;
ucontext_t two;
getcontext(&one);
11f1: 48 8d 85 60 f8 ff ff lea -0x7a0(%rbp),%rax
11f8: 48 89 c7 mov %rax,%rdi
11fb: e8 c0 fe ff ff callq 10c0 <getcontext@plt>
1200: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64
printf("I am running :)\n");
1204: 48 8d 3d f9 0d 00 00 lea 0xdf9(%rip),%rdi # 2004 <_IO_stdin_used+0x4>
120b: e8 80 fe ff ff callq 1090 <puts@plt>
sleep(1);
1210: bf 01 00 00 00 mov $0x1,%edi
1215: e8 b6 fe ff ff callq 10d0 <sleep@plt>
if (!done)
121a: 83 bd 5c f8 ff ff 00 cmpl $0x0,-0x7a4(%rbp)
1221: 75 1d jne 1240 <main+0x77>
{
done = 1; <------------- done is no set here (it is optimized by the compiler)
swapcontext(&two, &one);
1223: 48 8d 95 60 f8 ff ff lea -0x7a0(%rbp),%rdx
122a: 48 8d 85 30 fc ff ff lea -0x3d0(%rbp),%rax
1231: 48 89 d6 mov %rdx,%rsi
1234: 48 89 c7 mov %rax,%rdi
1237: e8 74 fe ff ff callq 10b0 <swapcontext@plt>
123c: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64
}
//printf("done:%d\n", done);
return 0;
1240: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax
}
1245: 48 8b 4d f8 mov -0x8(%rbp),%rcx
1249: 64 48 33 0c 25 28 00 xor %fs:0x28,%rcx
1250: 00 00
1252: 74 05 je 1259 <main+0x90>
1254: e8 47 fe ff ff callq 10a0 <__stack_chk_fail@plt>
1259: c9 leaveq
125a: c3 retq
125b: 0f 1f 44 00 00 nopl 0x0(%rax,%rax,1)
To disable the optimization on "done", add the "volatile" keyword in its definition:
volatile register int done = 0;
This makes the program work in both cases.