Why does DISTINCT change case of literal string

I have following simplified query against an Access Database:

• Build table: CREATE TABLE test (id TEXT)
• Populate: INSERT INTO test VALUES ('4711')
• Query:

SELECT
  id, 
  'value',
  'Value'
FROM 
  test

yields

Now the same query with DISTINCT changes the case of the second literal string:

SELECT DISTINCT
  id, 
  'value',
  'Value'
FROM 
  test

yields

The Outcome is the same no matter if the query comes via OleDb or directly via MS Access. How come that the database engine changes a literal value? I understand that jet sql ist pretty strange sometimes - but this looks to me like a bug. Or is this behavior described somewhere?

This is mostly speculation, but what I think is happening is the following:

SELECT DISTINCT x is equal to SELECT x GROUP BY x and converted to it.

Columns in GROUP BY are de-duplicated, 'value' is equal to 'Value' according to the collation rules, thus only the first occurrence is processed.

For each column, it's either a constant (calculated once), an aggregate column (calculated for each group), or a group column. Since 'value' is in the GROUP BY and 'Value' is equal to 'value', these are both mapped to the group 'value'

We can see this behaviour too when grouping by individual columns:

SELECT
  id, 
  'value',
  'Value'
FROM 
  test
GROUP BY
  id

No 'value' in the GROUP BY clause, parsed as expressions

SELECT
  id, 
  'value',
  'Value'
FROM 
  test
GROUP BY
  id, 'valuE'

'value' and 'valuE' are equal, thus Expr1001 is a group column 'valuE, same goes for 'Value'

The string from the GROUP BY clause is used, even though neither strings use that capitalization.

As far as I know, this behaviour is not documented, however. What is documented is that capitalization is ignored when evaluating groups, e.g. you can do SELECT ID, MAX(SomeColumn) FROM MyTable GROUP BY id and Access doesn't complain that there's no ID column in the GROUP BY clause, but it's weird this applies to constants and DISTINCT as well. The obvious workaround is: don't group by constants, use GROUP BY instead of DISTINCT when you have a SELECT clause with constants.

If we compare this behaviour to T-SQL, it doesn't allow constants in the GROUP BY part, and thus doesn't experience this behavior. GROUP BY id, 'valuE' is not valid T-SQL.