Pretty new to CDK/Cloudformation, just moving from Terraform, and was wondering if CDK/Cloudformation have something similar to Terraform's remote state? Or some other way that different team members could work on updating the same AWS resources without need to destroy/recreate everything.
CDK is just a "wrapper" around CloudFormation, which means that AWS stores the state and manages your resources deployed using CDK.
Terraform does not use CloudFormation, thus it has to keep its own state. Also Terraform is cloud agnostic, so it manages state without needing to rely on any cloud resources, such as CloudFormation.
So no, CDK does not have its own state in the same sense as Terraform has.