Can a multi-threaded Python app change the CWD?

Would the assert statement in this code raise an error under any Python 3.11+ interpreter?

Can the current working directory be changed by another module without this code using any async features?

import os
cwd1 = os.getcwd()
# can another module change the CWD here?
cwd2 = os.getcwd()
assert cwd1 == cwd2

I need to know if the CWD would stay the same in all situations with code like the example, or if I have to check, as rare as it may be, due to a race condition.

In other words, is that code thread-safe?

The working directory is owned by the process that starts the threads, so yes a thread can change the cwd and it will effect all threads in the process. For example this fails with an assertion error for me:

import threading
import time
import os


def test2():
    time.sleep(2)
    os.chdir('../')


def test1():
    cwd1 = os.getcwd()
    time.sleep(3)
    cwd2 = os.getcwd()
    assert cwd1 == cwd2


t1 = threading.Thread(target=test1)
t2 = threading.Thread(target=test2)
t1.start()
t2.start()
t1.join()
t2.join()

Edit based on comments

Using these functions you can see it's not deterministic — it sometimes fails, sometimes doesn't. But, importantly, it sometimes fails:

def test2():
    os.chdir('../')


def test1():
    cwd1 = os.getcwd()
    cwd2 = os.getcwd()
    try:
        assert cwd1 == cwd2
    except AssertionError:
        print("failed", cwd1, cwd2)
        return

In fact, it will often even fail with:

 assert os.getcwd() == os.getcwd()

Demonstrating that your thread can be suspended even within a single line.