How to build a self compiling file that draws a triangle?
The code sample below gives the error beneath it. Any ideas?
import os
if 'WAYLAND_DISPLAY' in os.environ and 'PYOPENGL_PLATFORM' not in os.environ:
os.environ['PYOPENGL_PLATFORM'] = 'egl'
import pygame as pg
from OpenGL.GL import *
import numpy as np
import ctypes
from OpenGL.GL.shaders import compileProgram, compileShader
from OpenGL.raw.GL.ARB.vertex_array_object import glGenVertexArrays
class App:
def __init__(self):
pg.init()
pg.display.set_mode((640,480), pg.OPENGL|pg.DOUBLEBUF)
self.clock = pg.time.Clock()
glClearColor(0.1,0.2,0.2,1)
self.shader = self.createShader("shaders/vertex.txt", "shaders/fragment.txt")
glUseProgram(self.shader)
self.triangle = Triangle()
glBindVertexArray(self.triangle.vao)
self.mainLoop()
def createShader(self, vertexFilepath, fragmentFilepath):
with open(vertexFilepath, 'r') as f:
vertex_src = f.readlines()
with open(fragmentFilepath, 'r') as f:
fragment_src = f.readlines()
shader = compileProgram(
compileShader(vertex_src, GL_VERTEX_SHADER),
compileShader(fragment_src, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER)
)
return shader
def mainLoop(self):
running = True
while (running):
for event in pg.event.get():
if (event.type == pg.QUIT):
running = False
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
glUseProgram(self.shader)
glBindVertexArray(self.triangle.vao)
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES,0, self.triangle.vertex_count)
pg.display.flip()
self.clock.tick(60)
self.quit()
def quit (self):
self.triangle.destroy()
glDeleteProgram(self.shader)
pg.quit()
class Triangle:
def __init__(self):
self.vertices = (
-0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0,
0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0
)
self.vao = [0]
self.vertices = np.array(self.vertices, dtype = np.float32)
self.vertex_count = 3
self.vao = glGenVertexArrays(1, self.vao)
glBindVertexArray(self.vao)
self.vbo = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.vbo)
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.vertices.nbytes, self.vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0)
glVertexAttribPointer(0,3,GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 24, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1)
glVertexAttribPointer(1,3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 24, ctypes.c_void_p(12))
def destroy(self):
glDeleteVertexArrays(1,(self.vao,))
glDeleteBuffers(1, (self.vbo,))
if __name__ == "__main__":
MyAPP = App()
I now get the following error.
PS C:\Users\ludov\OneDrive\Bureau\PYOPENGL> & "C:/Program Files/Python311/python.exe" c:/Users/ludov/OneDrive/Bureau/lgopengl.py
pygame 2.5.2 (SDL 2.28.3, Python 3.11.0)
Hello from the pygame community. https://www.pygame.org/contribute.html
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "c:\Users\ludov\OneDrive\Bureau\lgopengl.py", line 98, in <module>
MyAPP = App()
^^^^^
File "c:\Users\ludov\OneDrive\Bureau\lgopengl.py", line 22, in __init__
self.triangle = Triangle()
^^^^^^^^^^
File "c:\Users\ludov\OneDrive\Bureau\lgopengl.py", line 73, in __init__
glBindVertexArray(self.vao)
File "C:\Users\ludov\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python311\site-packages\OpenGL\platform\baseplatform.py", line 415, in __call__
return self( *args, **named )
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
ctypes.ArgumentError: argument 1: <class 'TypeError'>: wrong type
Solution
This code with the right shaders works:
import pygame as pg
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GL.shaders import compileProgram,compileShader
import numpy as np
def create_shader(vertex_filepath: str, fragment_filepath: str) -> int:
"""
Compile and link shader modules to make a shader program.
Parameters:
vertex_filepath: path to the text file storing the vertex
source code
fragment_filepath: path to the text file storing the
fragment source code
Returns:
A handle to the created shader program
"""
with open(vertex_filepath,'r') as f:
vertex_src = f.readlines()
with open(fragment_filepath,'r') as f:
fragment_src = f.readlines()
shader = compileProgram(compileShader(vertex_src, GL_VERTEX_SHADER),
compileShader(fragment_src, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER))
return shader
class App:
"""
For now, the app will be handling everything.
Later on we'll break it into subcomponents.
"""
def __init__(self):
""" Initialise the program """
self._set_up_pygame()
self._set_up_timer()
self._set_up_opengl()
self._create_assets()
def _set_up_pygame(self) -> None:
"""
Initialize and configure pygame.
"""
pg.init()
pg.display.gl_set_attribute(pg.GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, 3)
pg.display.gl_set_attribute(pg.GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, 3)
pg.display.gl_set_attribute(pg.GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK,
pg.GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_CORE)
pg.display.set_mode((640,480), pg.OPENGL|pg.DOUBLEBUF)
def _set_up_timer(self) -> None:
"""
Set up the app's timer.
"""
self.clock = pg.time.Clock()
def _set_up_opengl(self) -> None:
"""
Configure any desired OpenGL options
"""
glClearColor(0.1, 0.2, 0.2, 1)
def _create_assets(self) -> None:
"""
Create all of the assets needed for drawing.
"""
self.triangle = Triangle()
self.shader = create_shader(
vertex_filepath = "shaders/vertex.txt",
fragment_filepath = "shaders/fragment.txt")
def run(self) -> None:
""" Run the app """
running = True
while (running):
#check events
for event in pg.event.get():
if (event.type == pg.QUIT):
running = False
#refresh screen
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
glUseProgram(self.shader)
self.triangle.arm_for_drawing()
self.triangle.draw()
pg.display.flip()
#timing
self.clock.tick(60)
def quit(self) -> None:
""" cleanup the app, run exit code """
self.triangle.destroy()
glDeleteProgram(self.shader)
pg.quit()
class Triangle:
"""
Yep, it's a triangle.
"""
def __init__(self):
"""
Initialize a triangle.
"""
# x, y, z, r, g, b
vertices = (
-0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0,
0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0
)
vertices = np.array(vertices, dtype=np.float32)
self.vertex_count = 3
self.vao = glGenVertexArrays(1)
glBindVertexArray(self.vao)
self.vbo = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, self.vbo)
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices.nbytes, vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0)
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 24, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1)
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 24, ctypes.c_void_p(12))
def arm_for_drawing(self) -> None:
"""
Arm the triangle for drawing.
"""
glBindVertexArray(self.vao)
def draw(self) -> None:
"""
Draw the triangle.
"""
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, self.vertex_count)
def destroy(self) -> None:
"""
Free any allocated memory.
"""
glDeleteVertexArrays(1,(self.vao,))
glDeleteBuffers(1,(self.vbo,))
if __name__ == "__main__":
my_app = App()
my_app.run()
my_app.quit()
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