I'd like to use iceberg not from java (or python which apparently uses java). The API documentation of the client claims it supports REST catalogs. Is this the same as a nessie catalog?
No, they are different. There are many Iceberg Catalogs you can use:
REST is used as an example in the Iceberg website and Nessie is contributed by the Dremio team as an open source project.
However, functionally they are the same...