EARLIER(<column>, <number>)
Is EARLIER technically equivalent to using a variable to hold the value?
For example: if I have a table called Products, then using EARLIER returns the value of the outer context. That is - sales for that product. So = COUNTROWS(FILTER(ProductSubcategory, EARLIER(ProductSubcategory[TotalSubcategorySales])<ProductSubcategory[TotalSubcategorySales]))+1
can be used to return rank of each row relative to other rows.
Is this technically equivalent to doing the calculation by storing the value of outer context in a variable?
var curVal=ProductSubcategory[TotalSubcategorySales]
return COUNTROWS(FILTER(ProductSubcategory, curVal < ProductSubcategory[TotalSubcategorySales]))+1
Essentially yes. EARLIER and EARLIEST are effectively deprecated or discouraged since the introduction of VAR.