I tried to identify the engine (Cassandra, Scylla, AstraDB, CosmosDB, Yugabyte, ...) based on Cassandra Query Language (CQL). I focused on tables system.local and system.peers, see the sample:
SELECT release_version FROM system.local;
and
SELECT release_version FROM system.peers;
but I did not get relevant information about system/engine. Did you solved this problem?
FWIW, you can also run a show version;
from within CQLSH, and it will provide all version information (also seen at CQLSH connect-time):
aaron@cqlsh> show version;
[cqlsh 6.1.0 | Cassandra 4.0.11-e373a428fd26 | CQL spec 3.4.5 | Native protocol v5]