I've tried all the standard things: running as admin, setting UTF-8, creating different users, shutting down firewalls, etc. I cannot even get the Install window to appear. Most of the time, the installer appears on the Task Manager for a few seconds before crashing.
The logs tell me nothing except "Exiting with code 1," but with no other information. Exit code 1 says there was an error.
Any suggestions?
Answering my questions for the benefit of others.
Ultimately, I could not get any of the Postgres installers to work. I tried a variety of techniques, but all failed. My best guess is that this machine has a ton of installs, like Node.js, three database systems (now 4), hyper-v, etc., and I suspect it is some unique configuration error unique to my machine.
In the original post, Daniel suggested a Docker image of it, and that's what I did. Of course, it will be a bit slower because of Docker, but at least it's installed, and I can access it using pgAdmin, which surprisingly had no issues installing.