Given the code sample:
class B {
//Some contents.
};
class C {
private:
B& b;
};
class A {
private:
B b;
C c;
};
Class C has a reference to a b, so it needs to be initialized with it. Class A contains an instance of B and an instance of C.
My question is: Can I initialize the C instance in A with the B instance in A (assuming I did bother to put the constructors in)? Secondly, do I need to perform any explicit initialization of the B in A, or is it default initialized since its a class type within a class?
Member variables are initialised in the order that they are declared in the class declaration (even if you have them in a different order in the initialisation list of the constructor), so yes, by the time c is being initialised, b will be initialised, and you can use b to initialise c.
As Ricardo Cardenes notes, it will still work even if you declare c before b in the class definition (which means you will pass C::C a reference to an uninitialised B) however you cause undefined behaviour if you use the object inside C::C. It's safer to declare b first, because although you may not use b inside C::C now, you might in the future and forget that the reference refers to an uninitialised B, and cause UB.
And no, you do not have to explicitly initialise b (unless it is POD) unless you don't want it to be default-constructed. So this code would be what you want (again, if B isn't POD):
A::A() : c(b) { }