I dislike having to distribute an installer for programs compiled with Microsoft's compiler. I prefer to use DLLs packaged in the same directory as the executable. So, what are the required DLLs for MSVC++ 2010?
There's no one simple answer, because it'll depend on what dependencies you build into your program.
You might want to use dependency walker to find what DLLs are actually used by any particular project you're distributing (though be aware that it will list things like kernel32.dll that you can't distirbute right along with those you need to). Before you distribute anything, you need to check license agreements to assure that you're allowed to do so.