By default, Pov-Ray renders a bitmap file. Is there a way to convert or export the same image, in a vector format like eps, pdf, svg etc?
POV-Ray does not have any sort of vector output. In general ray-tracers (like POV-Ray) work by tracing rays from screen pixels into the scene, to work out what colour pixels should be - so they are inherently pixel based.
To 'ray-trace' to a vector format, you would have to calculate illumination values for each visible polygon, and then project the polygons onto the viewing angle as vectors. I don't know of any available software that can do this.