Redirect per-app DNS requests at the ALE_CONNECT_REDIRECT_V4 layer using WFP

I am trying to redirect DNS requests on a per-app basis using WFP (Windows Filtering Platform). I want to redirect to a public DNS server - not a local proxy. I have a callout driver at the ALE_CONNECT_REDIRECT_V4 layer. When I trace DNS requests at this layer, i can see them going out just fine.

However, when i rewrite the DNS server ip (using INETADDR_SET_ADDRESS) to another public server such as 1.1.1.1 (i'm only rewriting to public servers, not a local proxy) I see the rewritten DNS requests leaving on wireshark and also their responses coming in, successfully -- yet the application whose DNS i'm rewriting does not receive those DNS responses - it fails to resolve the hostname.

I have disabled the DNS cache so that the DNS requests come directly from the application, rather than the svchost.exe process.

Why is this? Do I have to somehow also hook incoming packets and restore the DNS server to the one the application expects? I'm at a loss.

After trying this out for myself, yes, for DNS traffic over UDP you have to intercept the inbound datagrams and modify the source address using the clone-drop-reinject method. DNS traffic over TCP is unaffected since it is a connection-based protocol whereas UDP is connectionless.

Full minimal working driver code: https://pastebin.com/tCHqNnJH

Relevant extract:

void UpdateIpv4HeaderChecksum(PIPV4_HEADER IpHeader, UINT32 IpHeaderSize)
{
    UINT32 Checksum = 0;
    UINT32 WordCount = IpHeaderSize / sizeof(UINT16);
    UINT16* Header = (UINT16*)IpHeader;

    IpHeader->Checksum = 0;

    for (UINT8 WordIndex = 0; WordIndex < WordCount; WordIndex++)
    {
        Checksum += Header[WordIndex];
    }

    Checksum = (Checksum & 0x0000ffff) + (Checksum >> 16);
    Checksum += (Checksum >> 16);

    IpHeader->Checksum = (UINT16)~Checksum;
}

void NTAPI DriverDatagramDataInjectComplete(
    _In_ void* context,
    _Inout_ NET_BUFFER_LIST* netBufferList,
    _In_ BOOLEAN dispatchLevel
)
{
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(context);
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(dispatchLevel);

    if (!NT_SUCCESS(netBufferList->Status))
    {
        DoTraceMessage(Default, "DriverDatagramDataInjectComplete() Status=%!STATUS!", netBufferList->Status);
    }

    FwpsFreeCloneNetBufferList(netBufferList, 0);
}

void NTAPI DriverDatagramDataClassify(
    _In_ const FWPS_INCOMING_VALUES* inFixedValues,
    _In_ const FWPS_INCOMING_METADATA_VALUES* inMetaValues,
    _Inout_opt_ void* layerData,
    _In_opt_ const void* classifyContext,
    _In_ const FWPS_FILTER* filter,
    _In_ UINT64 flowContext,
    _Inout_ FWPS_CLASSIFY_OUT* classifyOut
)
{
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(layerData);
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(classifyContext);
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(filter);
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(flowContext);

    UINT32 RemoteAddress = inFixedValues->incomingValue[FWPS_FIELD_DATAGRAM_DATA_V4_IP_REMOTE_ADDRESS].value.uint32;
    UINT16 RemotePort = inFixedValues->incomingValue[FWPS_FIELD_DATAGRAM_DATA_V4_IP_REMOTE_PORT].value.uint16;
    IF_INDEX InterfaceIndex = inFixedValues->incomingValue[FWPS_FIELD_DATAGRAM_DATA_V4_INTERFACE_INDEX].value.uint32;
    IF_INDEX SubInterfaceIndex = inFixedValues->incomingValue[FWPS_FIELD_DATAGRAM_DATA_V4_SUB_INTERFACE_INDEX].value.uint32;
    FWP_DIRECTION Direction = inFixedValues->incomingValue[FWPS_FIELD_DATAGRAM_DATA_V4_DIRECTION].value.uint32;

    FWPS_PACKET_INJECTION_STATE PacketInjectionState = FwpsQueryPacketInjectionState(g_InjectionHandle, layerData, NULL);

    classifyOut->actionType = FWP_ACTION_PERMIT;
    classifyOut->rights |= FWPS_RIGHT_ACTION_WRITE;

    if ((Direction == FWP_DIRECTION_INBOUND) && (PacketInjectionState == FWPS_PACKET_NOT_INJECTED) && (RemotePort == DNS_PORT) && (RemoteAddress == DNS_HOST_REDIRECT))
    {
        UINT32 IpHeaderSize = inMetaValues->ipHeaderSize;
        UINT32 TransportHeaderSize = inMetaValues->transportHeaderSize;

        PNET_BUFFER NetBuffer = NET_BUFFER_LIST_FIRST_NB((PNET_BUFFER_LIST)layerData);
        NdisRetreatNetBufferDataStart(NetBuffer, IpHeaderSize + TransportHeaderSize, 0, NULL);

        PNET_BUFFER_LIST NetBufferList = NULL;
        NTSTATUS Status = FwpsAllocateCloneNetBufferList(layerData, NULL, NULL, 0, &NetBufferList);
        if (!NT_SUCCESS(Status))
        {
            DoTraceMessage(Default, "FwpsAllocateCloneNetBufferList() Status=%!STATUS!", Status);
        }

        NdisAdvanceNetBufferDataStart(NetBuffer, IpHeaderSize + TransportHeaderSize, FALSE, NULL);

        if (!NetBufferList)
        {
            return;
        }

        DoTraceMessage(Default, "Modify DNS response");

        NetBuffer = NET_BUFFER_LIST_FIRST_NB(NetBufferList);

        PIPV4_HEADER IpHeader = NdisGetDataBuffer(NetBuffer, sizeof(IPV4_HEADER), NULL, 1, 0);
        IpHeader->SourceAddress = DNS_HOST_ORIGINAL;
        UpdateIpv4HeaderChecksum(IpHeader, sizeof(IPV4_HEADER));

        Status = FwpsInjectTransportReceiveAsync(g_InjectionHandle, NULL, NULL, 0, AF_INET, inMetaValues->compartmentId, InterfaceIndex, SubInterfaceIndex, NetBufferList, DriverDatagramDataInjectComplete, NULL);
        if (!NT_SUCCESS(Status))
        {
            DoTraceMessage(Default, "FwpsInjectTransportReceiveAsync() Status=%!STATUS!", Status);
            FwpsFreeCloneNetBufferList(NetBufferList, 0);
        }

        classifyOut->actionType = FWP_ACTION_BLOCK;
        classifyOut->rights &= ~FWPS_RIGHT_ACTION_WRITE;
        classifyOut->flags |= FWPS_CLASSIFY_OUT_FLAG_ABSORB;
    }
}