Please see an example in How can I show a printk() message in a console?,
$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/printk
4 4 1 7
$ echo "6" > /proc/sys/kernel/printk
$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/printk
6 4 1 7
If /proc/sys/kernel/printk was a normal file, the file would have changed to just "6", a single number. But I know the proc file system is a file system in ram and I guess it works differently. By what mechanism did the file change that way? And if I wanted to change the content to 4 6 1 7, can I do it with echo command and redirection?
Filesystem entries under /proc behave somewhat like function calls. "Writing" a string to the file is like calling a function with the string as an argument. "Reading" from the file is like calling a function with no argument and getting back the return value. The behavior of each "function" is defined by the kernel (or at least, by the proc file system exposed by the filesystem entries).
See https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/core-api/printk-basics.html for the details on how printk in particular works. In short, writing a number to the file changes the current logging level, while reading shows the current (if changed), default, minimum, and boot-time default logging levels.