I'm trying to write a proof by contradiction in Dafny for the union of transitive relations being also transitive and I'm not quite sure how to form the arguments with dafny syntax. Can I just show one counter example or do I need to write out all possible cases? Secondly, do I need to relax/restate the conclusion to that there exists some unions of transitive relations which are not also transitive?
predicate relationOnASet<T>(R: set<(T,T)>, S: set<T>) {
forall ts :: ts in R ==> ts.0 in S && ts.1 in S
}
predicate transitive<T>(R: set<(T,T)>, S: set<T>)
requires relationOnASet(R, S)
{
forall a,b,c :: a in S && b in S && c in S && (a,b) in R && (b,c) in R ==> (a,c) in R
}
lemma transitiveUnionContra<T>(R_1: set<(T,T)>, S_1: set<T>, R_2: set<(T,T)>, S_2: set<T>)
requires |R_1| > 0
requires |R_2| > 0
requires |S_1| > 0
requires |S_2| > 0
requires relationOnASet(R_1, S_1)
requires relationOnASet(R_2, S_2)
requires transitive(R_1, S_1)
requires transitive(R_2, S_2)
ensures !transitive(R_1+R_2, S_1+S_2)
{
if transitive(R_1 + R_2, S_1+S_2) {
forall a,b,c | a in S_1+S_2 && b in S_1+S_2 && c in S_1+S_2 && (a,b) in R_1+R_2 && (b,c) in R_1+R_2
ensures (a,c) in R_1+R_2
{
if a in S_1 && a !in S_2 && b in S_1 && b in S_2 && c in S_2 && c !in S_1 {
assert (a,c) !in R_1;
assert (a,c) !in R_2;
assert (a,c) !in R_1+R_2;
assert false;
}
}
}
}
Your lemma says that for every transitive relations R_1, R_2 it is not case that R_1 + R_2 is transitive relation. But there do exists such relation R_1 = {(a, b)} and R_2 = {(a, b), (b, c), (a, c)}.
Here is an attempt to express original lemma in dafny.
predicate relationOnASet<T> (R : set<(T,T)>, S : set<T>) {
forall ts :: ts in R ==> ts.0 in S && ts.1 in S
}
predicate transitive<T>(R: set<(T,T)>, S: set<T>)
requires relationOnASet(R, S)
{
forall a, b, c ::
a in S &&
b in S &&
c in S &&
(a, b) in R &&
(b, c) in R ==> (a, c) in R
}
lemma transitiveUnionContra<T>()
returns (
R1: set<(T, T)>, S1: set<T>,
R2: set<(T, T)>, S2: set<T>)
ensures relationOnASet(R1, S1)
ensures relationOnASet(R2, S2)
ensures transitive(R1, S1)
ensures transitive(R2, S2)
ensures ! transitive(R1 + R2, S1 + S2)
{
var a : T :| assume true;
var b : T :| assume a != b;
var c : T :| assume a != c && b != c;
S1 := {a, b};
S2 := {b, c};
R1 := {(a, b)};
R2 := {(b, c)};
}
lemma notTrueAlways<T>()
ensures !
(forall S1 : set<T>, S2 : set<T>, R1 : set<(T,T)>, R2 : set<(T, T)> ::
relationOnASet(R1, S1) &&
relationOnASet(R2, S2) &&
transitive(R1, S1) &&
transitive(R2, S2) ==> transitive(R1 + R2, S1 + S2)
)
{
var a, b, c, d := transitiveUnionContra<T>();
}
Using few assumes to pull three different element out of type out of thin air.